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Archive for November, 2008

The Pali Canon

For more than 40 years, the Buddha and his growing < ?php make_anchor("sangha”) ?> of < ?php make_anchor("bhikkhus and bhikkhunis“) ?> travelled throughout Northern India, carrying nothing but a begging bowl, a spare set of robes, and the Dhamma that the Buddha had realized in the course of his enlightenment experience. The earliest record we have of that Dhamma is a set of texts known as the Pali Canon. The texts in the Pali Canon are original, profound, and interesting; although the Canon is amazingly extensive, it has a high level of internal consistency; the core texts are accepted as foundational doctrinal statements by most Buddhist traditions, even those with their own separate canon. In this article, I will look at how the Pali Canon came to exist, why I find it so remarkable, and how it can be helpfully integrated into our Buddhist practice.

Background: How the Teachings were Delivered

Let’s begin by looking back to the Buddha’s lifetime and considering how he taught, to whom he taught, and how the sangha spread his teachings through his own culture, during his own lifetime. We’ll jump into the story in the middle of the Buddha’s teaching career, when the sangha of bhikkhus and bhikkhunis had grown to a substantial size. There’s no way, of course, to accurately determine just how large the sangha was, but from various evidential bits teased from the texts, I come to a total of between 2500 and 10,000 bhikkhus throughout Northern India and perhaps one-third that many bhikkhunis.

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Class 4: The Four Ennobling Truths

(This is a re-post from last Winter, unedited.)

We didn’t have time after our discussion of the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta to cover the eight-factored Path. Bhikkhu Bodhi has written an excellent short book on the Path, which is available in its entirety at Access to Insight. In the following post, I’ve composed a precís of the book, pulling what I consider the most helpful sections from the original. Any comments that I’ve added are within square brackets and italicized.

From Bhikkhu Bodhi’s Introduction:

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Cetanakaranaya Sutta

The Discourse on How Things Progress

For one who is dwells in virtue, bhikkhus, for one who has made a habit of virtue, there is no need to maintain the intention, “May the absence of remorse arise in me!”; it is according to the Dhamma, bhikkhus, that absence of remorse arises in one who lives virtuously.

For one free of remorse, bhikkhus there is no need to maintain the intention: “May gladness arise in me!”; it is according to the Dhamma, bhikkhus, that one who is free from remorse is glad to be where he is.

For one who is glad to be where she is, bhikkhus, there is no need to maintain the intention: “May joy arise in me!”; it is according to the Dhamma that one who is glad at heart is full of joy.

For one filled with joy, there is no need to maintain the intention: “May serenity arise within me!”; it is according to the Dhamma that who is joyful will abide in serenity.

For one who is serene, there is no need to maintain the intention: “May happiness arise within me!”; it is according to the Dhamma that one who experiences serenity will also be happy.

For one who is happy, there is no need to maintain the intention: “May my mind be concentrated!”; it is according to the Dhamma, bhikkhus, that the mind of a happy person will be concentrated.

For one whose mind is concentrated, there is no need to maintain the intention: “May a fresh vision of the world arise with in me!”; it is according to the Dhamma that a concentrated mind will know and see the world with fresh vision.

For one who knows and sees the world with fresh vision, there is no need to maintain the intention: “May disenchantment and dispassion arise within me!”; it is according to the Dhamma that one who knows and sees the world with fresh vision will become disenchanted with this world and lose all passion for the pleasures it offers.

For one who is disenchanted and dispassionate, bhikkhus, there is no need to maintain the intention: “May I be free; may I experience enlightenment!”; it is according to the Dhamma, bhikkhus, that one who is no longer enchanted or consumed with passion for worldly pleasures will be liberated and experience enlightenment.

Thus, bhikkhus, disenchantment and dispassion have freedom and enlightenment as their benefit and reward; fresh vision of the world as it really is has disenchantment and dispassion as its benefit and reward; concentration of mind has a fresh vision of the world as its benefit and reward; happiness has a concentrated mind as its benefit and reward; serenity has happiness as its benefit and reward; joy has serenity as its benefit and reward; gladness has joy as its benefit and reward; absence of remorse has gladness as its benefit and reward; and the habit of virtue has the absence of remorse as benefit and reward.

In that way, bhikkhus, each of those qualities is integrated with all the others, and each quality brings the next to perfection, so that one progresses from this daily round to the unconditioned realm beyond appearances.

Anguttara Nikaya, Chapter on the Tens, Section 1, Sutta 2

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